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The total main cultivators are an important component of main working population in India context. In Karnataka like any other state in India the main cultivators are land owners who are engaged in agricultural activities of their own land. During 1991 census, Karnataka state had 59,15,633 total main cultivators which being 34.21% of the total main workers. During 2001 census, the number of total main cultivators were 61,86,932 i.e. 31.95% of the total main working population.
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With the emergence of pandemic, health sector has been facing innumerable challenges right from prevention to management of COVID-19. This study attempts to understand these factors from a local perspective that will help in better planning and management of situation for the future. Karnataka was one of the 8 states selected as part of a multisectoral qualitative study. Perspectives of frontline managers regarding the management of COVID 19 pandemic situation were taken by in depth interviews. Deductive thematic analysis from the audio recordings and transcripts showed public apprehensions, gaps in decentralized approach and specific guidelines, monitoring difficulties and workforce related issues as factors of concern.
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ABSTRACT Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of this alarming condition is multifactorial. A Recently increasing trend in IBD is noted in our country. Objective: The present study was designed with the main objective to assess the incidence and to identify the associated risk factors including demographic, geographical areas, and dietary patterns of IBD population of Northern of Karnataka viz. Hubli-Dharwad city. Methods: A retrospective investigation was conducted on a cohort of 226 patients with a working diagnosis of IBD and those who were admitted between 2015 to 2019 the department of gastroenterology, SDMCMS&H. The diagnosis of IBD was made based on clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histopathologic findings. The patients were categorized into IBD and those who have symptoms suggestive of IBD but did not fit into the diagnostic criteria into, non-IBD groups. The data about of on demography, diet patterns, and laboratory parameters were recorded. Results: Among 226 patients enrolled in this study 2015-2019, IBD was confirmed in 54 Ulcerative colitis - 44 (19.46%), Crohn's disease - 10 (4.42%) patients with varying distribution of disease among different age groups and both genders, Ulcerative colitis (UC) [M: F: 28 (63.6%): 16 (36.4%)] and Crohn's disease (CD) [M: F: 07 (70.0%):03 (30.0%)]. Dietary pattern and other habitats had no significant contribution to illness and its symptoms. Urban (U) and Rural (R) divide was UC [U: R: 32 (72.7%): 12 (27.3%)], CD [U:R:07(70.0%):03(30.0%)] maintained. Conclusion Incidence of IBD was high with UC as compared to CD. The incidence of IBD among patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of IBD is 19.46% with UC being major as compared to CD (4.42%). Male predominant patterns of IBD incidences were noted. Year by year increasing trend in disease burden was observed. The Dietary pattern has no direct correlation with IBD disease prevalence and incidences.
Resumo Contexto: A Doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que afeta o trato gastrointestinal. A etiologia desta condição alarmante é multifatorial. Uma tendência recentemente crescente na DII é notada em nosso país. Objetivo: O presente estudo foi desenhado com o objetivo principal de avaliar a incidência e identificar os fatores de risco associados, incluindo demográficos, áreas geográficas e padrões alimentares da população com DII do Norte de Karnataka viz. Cidade de Hubli-Dharwad. Metodos: Uma investigação retrospectiva foi realizada em uma coorte de 226 pacientes com diagnóstico de DII e que foram admitidos entre 2015 e 2019 no departamento de gastroenterologia, SDMCMS&H. O diagnóstico de DII foi feito com base em achados clínicos, radiológicos, endoscópicos e histopatológicos. Os pacientes foram categorizados em DII e aqueles que apresentam sintomas sugestivos de DII, mas não se enquadraram nos critérios diagnósticos em grupos sem DII. Os dados sobre a demografia, padrões de dieta e parâmetros laboratoriais foram registrados. Resultados: Entre os 226 pacientes inscritos neste estudo entre 2015-2019, DII foi confirmada em 54 [RCUI - 44 (19,46%), DC - 10 (4,42%)] com distribuição variada da doença entre diferentes faixas etárias e ambos os sexos, colite ulcerativa (RCUI) [M: F: 28 (63,6%):16 (36,4%)] e doença de Crohn (DC) [M: F: 07 (70,0%): 03 (30,0%)]. O padrão alimentar e outros hábitos não tiveram contribuição significativa para a doença e seus sintomas. Urbanos (U) e rurais (R) dividiram-se em RCUI [U: R: 32 (72,7%):12 (27,3%)], DC [07 (70,0%): 03 (30,0%)]. Conclusão A incidência de DII foi elevada para RCUI em relação a DC. A incidência de DII entre os pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de DIB é de 19,46% com a RCUI sendo maior em relação a DC (4,42%). Foram observados padrões predominantes masculinos de incidência de DII. Ano a ano foi observada tendência crescente de carga da doença. O padrão dietético não tem correlação direta com a prevalência e incidências da DII.
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The current article is a outcome of review of data. After 2014, the contribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has expanded significantly in India, and it is regarded a game-changer in the development process. A growing number of businesses are getting involved in this procedure, which is mandated by the government under Section 135 of the Companies Act 2013. Karnataka is a major state in southern India, and it is home to a number of large-scale industries. Karnataka has also seen a significant increase in corporate social responsibility investment when compared to other states. This paper conducts a thorough investigation into the trends in CSR expenditure in Karnataka from 2014 to 2021, as well as the spending patterns by districts.
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Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the length-weight relationship, food and feeding behaviour and proximate composition of an oceanic epipelagic fish, Coryphaena hippurus landed along Karnataka, south-eastern Arabian SeaMethodology: Length-weight relationship, feeding and proximate composition of C. hippurus was studied for a period of one year. The size composition, feeding intensity, frequency, occurrence and index of relative importance (IRI) was determined for each diet component in the stomach. Monthly proximate composition in the dolphin fish was estimated. Results: The fork length of the specimens of C. hippurus collected along Karnataka coast ranged from 30- 123 cm and fishes having length range from 33-73 cm represented 79% of the total fish sampled. The estimated b values of C. hippurus for both males and females were less than 3 which indicated negative allometric growth; the fish grows faster in length than weight. The most dominant item recorded in the gut of C. hippurus was pelagic and mesopelagic teleosts. Cephalopods (squids, cuttlefish and octopus) were the second important food constituent while crustaceans consisting of crabs and shrimps formed very less quantity. Interpretation: Information on length-weight relationship, feeding behaviour and proximate composition of mahi mahi would be useful for developing suitable management plans for the conservation and judicious exploitation of this commercially important resource.
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Background: Open defecation is the practice where people go out in fields, bushes, forests, open bodies of water or other open spaces rather than using the toilet to defecate. The health hazards due open air defecation are soil and water pollution, contamination of foods and propagation of flies which results in the spread of diseases like typhoid, cholera, dysenteries, diarrheas, hookworm diseases, ascariasis, viral hepatitis and other intestinal infections.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Singanodi village. 122 houses were selected for interview. One member from each household, preferably the head of the family was interviewed. The questionnaire included the socio-demographic features, practices about sanitary latrine usage and awareness about the diseases due to open air defecation. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS vs 20.Results: In the study the prevalence of open air defecation was found to be 63.1%. Majority of the study participants (52.5%) had sanitary latrines in their houses. 15.6% of the household practices open air defecation in spite of having toilets in their homes. Significant association was found between education and overcrowding with open air defecation.Conclusions: The study reinforces the importance of creating awareness about the importance of sanitary latrines and involvement of Government, NGO and communities is essential to stop open air defecation practices.
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Background: Antiretroviral therapy is one of the reasons for falling trend of HIV epidemic at present. The clinical efficacy, toxicity and reasons for failure of first line ART is understudied. This study aimed to determine the frequency rates and reasons for discontinuation of first line ART in a cohort of HIV positive adult patients.Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted on 11,968 patients of HIV registered at Victoria Hospital ART centre from 2011 to 2017. Using a structured proforma, relevant information was collected from patients taking first line ART. Descriptive statistics was used for analysing the results obtained.Results: Total 11,968 HIV patients were registered at ART centre during our study period of which only 4,008 patients were taking ART among them, 167 patients were referred for initiation of 2nd line ART. After evaluation 28 were continued on First line,1 opted out, 20 were transferred out,1 discontinued treatment, 17 died, 14 were lost to follow up, 5 were excluded from the study and only 81 patients were started on second line ART. Failure rate of first line ART in our study was 2.02%. Immunological failure followed by clinical failure were the most common reasons for changeover in this study. Tuberculosis was the most common comorbid disease in this study.Conclusions: First line ART is very effective and well tolerated and has a low failure rate. Low CD4 count, anaemia, raised ALP, low albumin were among the factors associated with treatment failure. WHO staging did not correlate with the treatment failure, recommended routine viral load monitoring for assessing treatment failure.
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Background: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for CVDs and its complications which account for 9.4 million deaths worldwide every year. Hypertension itself responsible for about 45% and 51% deaths due to heart disease and stroke respectively. It is a major public health problem in India both in urban and rural areas and is increasing at an alarming rate in rural population now days. Because of lack of access to health care facilities at rural areas, the early screening and treatment of hypertension is not done regularly, so we conducted this study. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in a rural community of South Karnataka.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted at rural field practice area of a private medical college in Bengaluru. Sample size was 380 and convenient sampling method used. Data was collected by visiting homes and blood pressure measured with mercury sphygmomanometer. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data.Results: Among 380 participants, 58.4% and 41.6% were males and females respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension among them was 22.6%, newly diagnosed cases were 7.1% and the proportion of hypertension was more among the age group of 50-59 years (40.7%).Conclusions: Our study shows that hypertension has creeped into the rural areas also and creating a huge health problem for the community. Newly diagnosed cases are also high which shows that most of the people are not aware of their blood pressure and importance of regular monitoring of blood pressure. Since screening helps in early detection, so strengthening of health facilities and creation of awareness at rural levels will reduce the morbidity and mortality due to hypertension and its complications.
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Background: HIV today is one of the worst pandemic diseases. Unlike terminal illnesses, HIV patients have to live for decades with the disease, which now shifts the interest to the quality of their life. The present study was planned, considering a necessity to inquire about the quality of life of patients taking Antiretroviral therapy in Mysore, various coping strategies prevalent among them and correlation between the two.Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 150 adults coming for anti retroviral therapy (ART), diagnosed with HIV at least 6 months back. ART centre was approached with required permissions. After explaining the study purpose, data was collected on paper with due consent from patients. Standard WHO QOL BREF and COPE carver Bref were used as questionnaire instruments. Analysis was done using SPSS software and Pearson’s correlation was used.Results: Analysis revealed that the most affected domain in quality of life was social domain with mean=11.75±2.12 (4-20 scale) and least affected was environmental with mean14.49±0.849. Self distraction was coping strategy of the highest prevalence (mean=4.98) having no correlation with QOL. Active coping showed positive correlation under all domains while behavioural disengagement and substance abuse had significant negative correlation overall (p value<0.001).Conclusions: Our study underlined a gap in Social domain of selected HIV affected population. Self distraction was the most preferred style of coping and humour was found to be least adopted method. Active coping had linear relationship all the 4 domains whereas behavioural disengagement showed significant lowering in QOL as a whole.
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Background:National vector borne disease control programme(NVBDCP) was launched to control the prevalence of vector borne diseases like malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis (JE), Dengue/DHF, chikungunya, lymphatic filariasis and Kala Azar. The present study was done to assess the activities of NVBDCP in state of Karnatakaand to analyze selective qualitative and quantitative indicators related to the activities.Methods:Quantitatively retrospective data was collected from Directorate office Department of Health and Family Welfare, NVBDCP section from April 2016 to March 2017. Qualitatively questionnaire based protocol was made and interviews were conducted with District programme officer, PHC medical officer and grass root level health workers like ANM, ASHA with reference to one each of selected least performing districts and good performing districts in the state. The collected data was analysed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 version.Results:The highest prevalent districts in Karnataka areDakshina Kannada for malaria, Udupi for dengue, Tumakurufor chikungunya andBidar for lymphatic filariasis. Major factors related to poor outcome in some districts were rigid attitude of the community, poor support of local panchayats and less human resources.Conclusion:The result of this investigation revealed that Dakshina Kannada has got highest number of cases with greater proposition and high prevalence rate of vector borne diseases due to lack of sufficient human resources and geographical factors. Strengthening the surveillance activities along with integrated vector control programmes will improves the outcome of the programme
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Objective: Down syndrome is a common genetic disease, diagnosed with congenital malformation/mental retardation. Down syndrome occurs in all races & economic levels. It is caused by third copy of chromosome 21, there are there forms of DS. Simple Trisomy 21, Translocation Trisomy and Mosaic Trisomy. The aim of the study is to know cause of Down syndrome. Chromosomal analysis was carried out by G banding technique. Materials and Methods: 1 ml of peripheral blood samples were collected in Out Patient Department of pediatrics and Cytogenetic analysis was per-formed. Results: Out of 28, 3 female cases, 2 male cases were Down syndrome, All the 5 cases were free trisomy 21, which is common type of Down syndrome; we have not identified Robertsonian translocation and mosaic type of DS. Conclusion: The present analysis shows that genetic risk factors are responsible for the incidence of Down syndrome.
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Background: In 2014, approximately 462 million adults worldwide were underweight; while 1.9 billion were either overweight or obese. Hence, a study was carried out first time using the NFHS Standard of Living Index to assess the association between socioeconomic status and underweight & overweight among likely to conceive women.Material & Methods: In Determinants of Birth Weight (DBW): a community based prospective cohort study; household characteristic information was collected from 1293 likely to conceive women. Nutritional status of women was graded based on WHO international BMI categories. Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression were applied to assess the association between standard of living and underweight & overweight with the 95% confidence level and p values less than 0.05.Results: The prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity was found 35.1%, 52.4%, 9.7% and 2.7%, respectively, with mean±SD BMI 20.4 kg/m2±3.876 kg/m2. The low standard of living was significantly associated with underweight whereas high standard of living was associated with overweight among likely to conceive women in a rural North Karnataka with a p value less than 0.05.Conclusion: Among likely to conceive women, there is an inverse association between standard of living and underweight whereas positive association with overweight in a rural North Karnataka.
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The present study was undertaken to study the varying geographical distribution of Leprosy cases, over a period, in Uttara Kannada district, which is backward and situated in Karnataka.
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Background and objectives Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome is a dangerous and life threatening complication in severe preeclampsia. It remains as an important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality globally. The objective of this study was to find out the incidence of HELLP syndrome in pregnancies complicated by severe pre eclampsia and to assess the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in women with HELLPsyndrome secondary to severe pre eclampsia. Methodology A one year Cross sectional study was conducted in the labour room of KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi for the period of one year from January 2016 to December 2016. Ethical clearance was obtained from the JNMC Institutional Ethics committee. The primary objective was to determine the incidence of severe pre eclampsia and HELLPsyndrome in patients of severe pre eclampsia. The secondary objective was to study the associated maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Results During the study period, a total of 6236 number of deliveries were conducted in the hospital. Among them, 312 (5%) pregnant women developed severe preeclampsia and 33 women developed HELLPsyndrome(10.57%). The mean age was 25.18±3.81 years. Labour was induced in 21.21% of the women. Majority (66.67%) of the women had vaginal delivery, while the rest had caesarean section (33%) . The most common indication for LSCS was HELLP 81.82%. Majority (84.85%) of the women had complications of HELLP alone while 9.09% of the women had HELLP syndrome associated with abruption. The mean birth weight was 2.27±0.69 Kgs. All cases had live births. The requirement of NICU admission was noted in 18.18% and the most common cause of NICU admission was Meconium aspiration syndrome with fetal distress (50%). The perinatal mortality rate was 16.67%. Conclusion and interpretation HELLPsyndrome is one of the rare complications of severe pre eclampsia. This study shows 5% incidence of severe preeclampsia and incidence of HELLP syndrome in pregnancy complicated by severe preeclampsia as 10.57%. The incidence in our study is high as our hospital is a tertiary care centre that receives referral cases (high risk with poor prognosis) from North Karnataka for further management.
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Background: Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease. India having a major agrarian population is expected to have a higher prevalence. However, due to lack of laboratory facility or awareness among clinicians, the disease is largely underreported. The aim of this study was to know the prevalence and trend of human brucellosis over a decade, in patients attending a teaching hospital in North Karnataka, and to understand their geographical distribution. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from January 2006 to December 2015 at a tertiary care teaching hospital in North Karnataka. A total of 3610 serum samples were evaluated from suspected cases of brucellosis. All serum samples were initially screened by Rose Bengal plate test, and positive samples were further analysed by Serum agglutination test (SAT) using standard Brucella abortus antigen from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. A titre above or equal to 1:80 IU/ml was considered as positive. Demographic data such as age, sex and native place of these patients were also analysed. Results: We observed that human brucellosis is present in North Karnataka. The overall seropositivity of brucellosis in suspected cases was 5.1%. The positive titres ranged from 1:80 to 163,840 IU/ml. The majority of the patients were from Gadag, Koppal and Haveri districts of North Karnataka. Conclusion: Our study confirms the presence of human brucellosis in the northern part of Karnataka. Further studies to understand the prevalence of animal brucellosis in these areas will help in implementing prevention measures.
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Aim: To estimate prevalence of TB among inmates and staff of three prisons in south India. Place of Study: The study was undertaken in three purposively selected prisons in Karnataka State, India, namely, Belgaum, Mysore and Mangalore prisons. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was undertaken among a total of 2450 inmates and 280 staff at the three selected prisons. Inmates and prison staff were screened for cough of ≥ 2 weeks and the identified TB suspects were subjected to sputum microscopy for acid fast bacilli using ZN staining and fluorescent microscopy. Results: 81 TB suspects were identified among the inmates and none among the staff. Of the 81 TB suspects, none were positive for acid fast bacilli. 10 inmates at the prisons were already on DOTS for pulmonary TB. A prevalence of pulmonary TB of 4/1000 prison inmates was estimated. Unmet need for medical care was elicited among TB suspects. Past history of anti-TB treatment and history of current smoking were identified as significant risk factors for TB in the selected prisons. Conclusion: The estimated prevalence of pulmonary TB in the selected prisons (4/1000 prison inmates and staff) was almost twice that in the Indian general population (2.11/1000 general population).
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Introduction: The objectives of the present study were to determine the type of the pterion in the dry human skulls of Dakshina Kannada district of Southern India and to study its topography. Materials and Methods: The present study included 32 adult human skulls of unknown gender. The pterions of both the right and left sides were studied. Results: The present study observed all the 4 types of pterion. Among them, Spheno-parietal type was higher in frequency. This type was found on right side 25 (78.1%) and left side 28 (87.5%) skulls. The distance between the centres of pterion to the midpoint of zygomatic arch (P-ZA) was 40.08±0.46 mm on the right side of the skull, whereas on left side of the skull it was 39.9±0.17 mm. Distance between the centre of pterion to the posterolateral aspect of fronto-zygomatic suture (P-FZ) on right side of the skull was 30.37±0.44 mm and it was 29.53±0.26 mm on the left side. Conclusion: We believe that the present study has provided the additional information about the morphology and morphometry of pterion, which is important to the neurosurgical and radiological literature.
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Aim: To study the various morphometric parameters of the dry sacra of unknown sex in South Indian population in detail and to determine their demarcating points in order to increase the efficiency of sexing in the given population. Methods: 87 dry adult human sacrum of known sex (42 males and 45 females), belonging to South Indian (Karnataka) region were obtained. Various parameters like Length (L), breadths (B), Transverse diameter of the body of the 1st sacral vertebrae (TS1) & Curved Length of Sacrum (CL) were obtained. From these parameters, Sacral Index (SI), Curvature Index (CI) and Corporo-basal Index (CBI) were calculated & from the obtained values demarking points (D.P) were calculated. The values were stastically analyzed. Results: Among these parameters, the values for the Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were stastically significant Conclusion: Length (L), Curved Length (CL) and Sacral Index (SI) were useful parameters and by obtaining their demarking points, it helps in sexing the sacrum with greater accuracy.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the spectrum of anterior and posterior segment diagnoses in Asian Indian premature infants detected serendipitously during routine retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening during a 1 year period. Methods: A retrospective review of all Retcam (Clarity MSI, USA) imaging sessions during the year 2011 performed on infants born either <2001 g at birth and/ or <34.1 weeks of gestation recruited for ROP screening was performed. All infants had a minimum of seven images at each session, which included the dilated anterior segment, disc, and macula center and the four quadrants using the 130° lens. Results: Of the 8954 imaging sessions of 1450 new infants recruited in 2011, there were 111 (7.66%) with a diagnosis other than ROP. Anterior segment diagnoses seen in 31 (27.9%) cases included clinically significant cataract, lid abnormalities, anophthalmos, microphthalmos, and corneal diseases. Posterior segment diagnoses in 80 (72.1%) cases included retinal hemorrhages, cherry red spots, and neonatal uveitis of infective etiologies. Of the 111 cases, 15 (13.5%) underwent surgical procedures and 24 (21.6%) underwent medical procedures; importantly, two eyes with retinoblastoma were detected which were managed timely. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of ocular digital imaging in premature infants. Visually significant, potentially life‑threatening, and even treatable conditions were detected serendipitously during routine ROP screening that may be missed or detected late otherwise. This pilot data may be used to advocate for a possible universal infant eye screening program using digital imaging.
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The south Indian State of Karnataka, once part of several kingdoms and princely states of repute in the Deccan peninsula, is rich in its historic, cultural and anthropological heritage. The state is the home to 42,48,987 tribal people, of whom 50,870 belong to the primitive group. Although these people represent only 6.95 per cent of the population of the State, there are as many as 50 different tribes notified by the Government of India, living in Karnataka, of which 14 tribes including two primitive ones, are primarily natives of this State. Extreme poverty and neglect over generations have left them in poor state of health and nutrition. Unfortunately, despite efforts from the Government and non-Governmental organizations alike, literature that is available to assess the state of health of these tribes of the region remains scanty. It is however, interesting to note that most of these tribes who had been original natives of the forests of the Western Ghats have been privy to an enormous amount of knowledge about various medicinal plants and their use in traditional/folklore medicine and these practices have been the subject matter of various scientific studies. This article is an attempt to list and map the various tribes of the State of Karnataka and review the studies carried out on the health of these ethnic groups, and the information obtained about the traditional health practices from these people.